Give two experimental facts that show charge independence of Nuclear Forces.

ANSWER : Experimental evidence for charge independence of nuclear forces can be observed through the following facts :

1. Isotopic Masses : Isotopes of a particular element have different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons in the nucleus. Despite this difference in electric charge, the masses of isotopes are nearly the same. This indicates that the nuclear forces acting between protons and neutrons do not depend on the charge.
2. Mirror Nuclei : Mirror nuclei are pairs of atomic nuclei that have the same number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) but opposite numbers of protons. For example, carbon-12 and nitrogen-12 are mirror nuclei. Experiments show that mirror nuclei have similar energy levels and exhibit similar behavior, further suggesting the charge independence of nuclear forces.
3. Scattering Experiments : Scattering experiments involving protons and neutrons off a target nucleus have been conducted. The observed scattering angles and cross-sections for both particles are similar, implying that the forces experienced by protons and neutrons are the same, regardless of their charges.

These experimental facts support the idea that nuclear forces are charge-independent, meaning they depend primarily on the number of nucleons rather than the individual charges of protons and neutrons.

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